Can I sue the driver of the car I was riding in if I was injured in a Florida car accident?

Yes, you can.

You have a claim against the driver and you can assert a claim against the driver’s insurance company. And then if you cannot resolve the claim with the driver’s insurance company, you can file a lawsuit against that driver for your damages. That  includes your lost wages, your medical expenses. If you have a permanent injury, that includes other intangible damages that you’re entitled to in Florida.